Eurach Research

mummies

15.04.2026

The bacterium responsible for scarlet fever was not introduced to the Americas by Europeans.

A research team led by Eurac Research has identified the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium in a pre-Columbian Bolivian mummy and, for the first time, reconstructed the genome of this centuries-old pathogen



Researchers identified the pathogen’s genetic material while examining a tooth from a naturally mummified skull housed at MUNARQ – the National Museum of Archaeology in La Paz. Using a method that reassembles previously unknown genomes from numerous short DNA fragments, they reconstructed a nearly complete, ancient genome of *Streptococcus pyogenes.* The reconstructed genome shows clear similarities to modern strains of the globally widespread bacterium, which can cause a variety of illnesses ranging from harmless throat infections to scarlet fever and life-threatening toxic shock syndrome. Despite the pathogen’s great medical significance: scarlet fever was historically one of the leading causes of death among children, little is known about its evolutionary history. This finding now shows that the bacterium was already circulating among indigenous populations in South America before European colonization: the young man from whom the tooth originated lived between 1283 and 1383 AD. The study was made possible by a cooperation agreement between Eurac Research and the Bolivian Ministry of Cultures and has been published in Nature Communications.


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the-bacterium-responsible-for-scarlet-fever-was-not-introduced-to-the-americas-by.zip

10.09.2025

Paleogenetic study by Eurac Research sheds light on the history of prehistoric alpine groups in the eastern Italian Alps



The analysis of ancient DNA from individuals who lived between approximately 8,000 and 3,500 years ago in the eastern Italian Alps reveals changes over time in the genomic structure of prehistoric alpine groups and the genetic impact of migrations that occurred in western Eurasia since prehistory.


paleogenetic-study-by-eurac-research-sheds-light-on-the-history-of-prehistoric-al.zip

26.08.2025

Innovative, versatile, and economical technology for preserving cultural heritage

Eurac Research develops a pioneering system to protect human remains and archaeological finds



When a research team from Eurac Research entered the warehouses of the National Archaeological Museum in La Paz a couple of years ago, they were stunned to find more than 50 mummified individuals and over 500 pre-Columbian skulls, preserved with good intentions but in conditions that put them at risk of contamination by fungi and bacteria. This is a situation that often occurs in countries that cannot devote large sums of money to the conservation of cultural heritage, but also in countries such as Italy, where the heritage is so vast that it is difficult to take care of everything. The problem of protecting organic cultural heritage also arises when it needs to be transported or studied. Environmental conditions can have a significant impact on the most sensitive items, such as mummified human remains, textiles, paper, and wood. A research team coordinated by Eurac Research has been experimenting with conservation techniques and materials for years and has now developed an innovative, versatile, and inexpensive system called the Conservation Soft Box. It was recently presented in an article in the Journal of Cultural Heritage and at the 11th World Congress of Mummy Studies in Cuzco, Peru.


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30.05.2024

Two studies show atherosclerosis has been with humans for much longer than assumed

CT scans and genetic analyses of ancient human remains indicate that atherosclerosis has been present in humans for thousands of years.



237 adult mummies from around the world were analyzed by the HORUS group, an international research team who were supported by Eurac Research experts. The study used computer tomography (CT) scans to detect atherosclerosis – it was present in more than 37 per cent of the mummies analyzed. In a separate study led by Christina Wurst a molecular geneticist from Eurac Research, the remains of 22 mummified individuals showed that different genetic risk factors for atherosclerosis were present in all the mummies examined. All this supports the assumption that people all over the world and at all times have suffered from the disease. The study by the HORUS group was recently published in the renowned European Heart Journal.


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13.03.2024

Individuals from the early Middle Ages found in the cemetery of Santo Stefano

Analyses by Eurac Research have revealed high genetic diversity and kinship links from remains



The remains preserved in the early medieval cemetery were discovered in the late 1980s by the Provincial Cultural Heritage Office during restoration work on the small church of Santo Stefano. They consist of small grave goods and numerous bone remains comprising both complete skeletons and scattered bones. From an archaeological point of view, these findings raised two main questions: where did the people buried in the cemetery come from? And were the individuals found in one grave related to each other? Almost forty years later, the anthropological and genetic analyses carried out in Eurac Research’s laboratories provide answers and permit a glimpse into migratory flows and social organization in the early Middle Ages (4th-7th centuries AD).


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individuals-from-the-early-middle-ages-found-in-the-cemetery-of-santo-stefano.zip

16.08.2023

Dark skin, bald head, Anatolian ancestry: The latest findings from the Iceman’s genome

A research team used advanced sequencing technology to analyze Ötzi’s genome to obtain a more accurate picture of the Iceman’s appearance and genetic origins.



Ötzi's genome was decoded for the first time more than 10 years ago. It was also the first time that the genome of a mummy had been sequenced. These results provided important insights into the genetic makeup of prehistoric Europeans. Advances in sequencing technology since then have now enabled a research team from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Eurac Research to reconstruct his genome more accurately. The results of this recent analysis complete the Iceman’s genetic picture and cast aside some older theories: no genetic traces of the Steppe Herders from Eastern Europe were found in Ötzi's genome. In contrast, Ötzi’s genome has an unusually high proportion of genes in common with those of early farmers from Anatolia compared to other contemporary Europeans. In addition, the study yielded entirely new findings about the Iceman’s appearance that call into question his iconic portrayal: at the time of his death, Ötzi almost certainly did not have thick long hair, instead he had advanced hair loss and may have even been bald. Furthermore, his skin was darker than previously thought. Ötzi’s genes also show a predisposition to diabetes and obesity. These findings have just been published in Cell Genomics.


dark-skin-bald-head-anatolian-ancestry-the-latest-findings-from-the-icemans-genome.zip

07.02.2023

Risolto il mistero della mummia di Basilea

Nei campioni di tessuto di una mummia del XVIII secolo conservata in una chiesa, un team di ricerca di Eurac Research e del Museo di storia naturale di Basilea ha scoperto un agente patogeno sconosciuto, chiarendo così di cosa soffrisse la donna



La mummia, è nota come la “signora della Barfüsserkirche” perché fu ritrovata nel 1975 durante i lavori di costruzione dell’omonima chiesa a Basilea. Diversi indizi, tra cui i cambiamenti nelle ossa del cranio, hanno inizialmente suggerito che la donna soffrisse di sifilide. Grazie alla collaborazione interdisciplinare coordinata dal Museo di storia naturale di Basilea, nel 2018 la mummia è stata identificata in Anna Catharina Bischoff, vedova del parroco. Tuttavia, le analisi condotte da un’equipe dell’Istituto per la ricerca sulle mummie non hanno rilevato tracce dell’agente patogeno di questa malattia. Utilizzando un nuovo metodo, finora raramente applicato al DNA antico, è stato possibile assemblare il genoma di un micobatterio non tubercolare ancora sconosciuto e chiarire che la donna non è morta di sifilide. La possibilità di scoprire nuovi e rari microrganismi anche in materiale genetico molto antico permette alla scienza di approfondire aspetti importanti dello sviluppo delle malattie infettive umane.


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18.10.2022

Una mummia di marmotta di 6.600 anni esaminata nei laboratori di Eurac Research

La Regione Valle d’Aosta ha coinvolto il centro di ricerca altoatesino nello studio del reperto



Da poche settimane gli esperti e le esperte di mummie di Eurac Research hanno accolto nei loro laboratori un ospite molto particolare: una marmotta mummificata di 6.600 anni ritrovata in Valle d’Aosta sul Lyskamm, nel massiccio del Monte Rosa, a 4.300 metri di quota. Quando la mummia è stata trasportata a Bolzano per le prime analisi, la sua età non era ancora nota. Solo nei giorni scorsi la datazione al radiocarbonio ha stabilito che la marmotta è vissuta nel Neolitico, è dunque la mummia animale più antica ritrovata in Italia e un reperto di notevole interesse per la comunità scientifica.


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30.09.2022

“Mummies. Il passato svelato”: mostra prolungata fino al 24 ottobre

Ancora un mese per visitare le due mummie egizie esposte a Bolzano, grazie a un progetto del Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna e di Eurac Research



La mummia con il sudario dipinto e la mummia di fanciullo con tre tuniche rimarranno esposte al NOI Techpark di Bolzano fino al 24 ottobre prossimo. Tutte le persone interessate avranno ancora un mese di tempo per conoscere due mummie dalle caratteristiche uniche, testimoni di una storia millenaria.


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02.09.2022

Mummies. Il passato svelato

Da oggi saranno esposte al NOI Techpark grazie a un progetto del Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna e di Eurac Research. Eseguiti uno studio approfondito e un accurato trattamento conservativo.



La più antica è la mummia di una donna, vissuta nell’Egitto di epoca romana. Lo straordinario sudario policromo con cui è stata preparata per la sepoltura avvolge ancora il corpo ed è questa la caratteristica più unica. La mummia più recente è invece quella di un bambino vissuto nel XIII secolo d.C., ed è una rara testimonianza del rituale funerario dell’Egitto medievale. Le due mummie sono state restituite alla comunità scientifica e al pubblico grazie a un progetto di collaborazione tra il Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna ed Eurac Research, avviato nel 2019, che ne ha permesso il recupero dai magazzini del museo. Sulle mummie è stato condotto un studio interdisciplinare ed entrambe sono state sottoposte a un trattamento conservativo che ha coinvolto diverse istituzioni con competenze specifiche per restituire loro l’identità perduta e renderle testimoni di una storia millenaria che merita di essere conosciuta. Dal 2 settembre all’8 ottobre le due mummie saranno esposte presso il NOI Techpark nell’ambito della mostra ‘Mummies. Il passato svelato’ che si svolge nella cornice del 10° Congresso mondiale di studi sulle mummie.


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06.07.2022

Unique collaboration between Eurac Research and Bolivian Government

Groundbreaking study of Bolivia’s rich bioarcheological record now underway



An inter-institutional cooperation agreement between the Eurac Research Institute for Mummy Studies in Bolzano, Italy and the Plurinational State of Bolivia’s Ministry of Cultures, Decolonization and Despatriarchalization has just been signed to establish a collaboration for the research and conservation of the Bolivian cultural heritage. In addition, the Institute of Mummies developed, constructed, and donated 10 long-term conservation chambers to safeguard the mummified remains of pre-Columbian individuals housed at MUNARQ - the National Museum of Archaeology in La Paz.


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11.01.2022

“By the Way” è il titolo del nuovo numero di Academia

La rivista di comunicazione della scienza di unibz e Eurac Research questa volta non parla di pandemia.



Nell’ultimo anno e mezzo, quando si è parlato di scienza, lo si è fatto soprattutto a partire dalla pandemia. Anche in Eurac Research e unibz, per forza di cose, molte altre tematiche importanti ne sono state oscurate. Questo numero della rivista Academia si dedica proprio a questi argomenti. Ricercatrici e ricercatori raccontano gli studi che in questo periodo hanno portato avanti in altri settori: dalle energie rinnovabili alla storia, passando per la linguistica, le scienze naturali e la tecnologia.


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13.10.2021

RESPECT THE EMBARGO (13.10.21 - 17 h): Beer and blue cheese already on the menu 2,700 years ago

A team of researchers led by Eurac Research and the Natural History Museum Vienna gains unique insights into the history of cheese production and complex dietary habits of prehistoric Europeans by studying human paleofeces from the Hallstatt salt mine.



We perceive highly processed fermented foods such as beer or cheese primarily as a hallmark of modern times. However historical texts do confirm that milk was fermented in ancient Egypt and, the world's oldest evidence for the actual consumption of blue cheese has now been revealed by a team of researchers. The evidence in question comes from Hallstatt salt mine in Austria in the form of exceptionally well-preserved fecal remains from the Bronze Age to the Baroque period which demonstrate the presence of two fungal species used in the production of blue cheese and beer. The combination of archaeological and molecular analysis has proven particularly fruitful, providing surprising insights both into prehistoric dietary habits and food production. The study results will be published today, October 13, in the renowned journal Current Biology.


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04.10.2021

Mummy research: Ancient dental calculus - new insights into the evolution of oral microbiota

A research team from Eurac Research and the University of Trento has examined ancient calculus samples from skeletal remains from South Tyrol and Trentino and discovered previously unknown species of microorganisms



Plaque – horrible stuff, right? Well yes, but not entirely: old tooth plaque also known as dental calculus samples provide a valuable source of information about our oral microbiota and its development. A team of researchers from Eurac Research and the University of Trento, examined the calculus of twenty human skeletal remains from South Tyrol and Trentino dating from the Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The team discovered two previously unknown species of a common microorganism in our bodies called Methanobrevibacter. Thanks to the application of a bioinformatics method not yet established in mummy research, the research group was also able to reveal that on a temporal axis of 50,000 years, the diversity of this organism in our oral flora has declined sharply in recent centuries. The results of the study have now been published in the renowned journal "Microbiome".


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17.09.2021

Ötzi terrà impegnato ancora a lungo il mondo della ricerca

30 anni dal ritrovamento: Eurac Research organizza il simposio “Iceman-quo vadis”



A tre decenni dal suo ritrovamento, molti segreti sull’Uomo venuto dal ghiaccio sono stati risolti: ora sappiamo come e dove visse, come morì, quale fu il suo ultimo pasto, quali malattie lo tormentavano. Il 20 settembre, Eurac Research organizza il convegno digitale “Iceman-quo vadis”. Esperte ed esperti parleranno del potenziale ancora inesplorato della ricerca su Ötzi.


oetzi-wird-die-forschung-noch-lange-beschaeftigen.zip

16.06.2021

A Bologna restauro aperto al pubblico di una mummia egiziana

Eurac Research ha partecipato al recupero e ha condotto le analisi antropologiche e paleopatologiche



La mummia umana risale all’VIII-VI secolo a.C. ed è avvolta in un sudario raffinato, probabilmente tinto di rosso in antico. Acquistata dal collezionista e pittore Pelagio Palagi nella prima metà dell’Ottocento, fu a lungo esposta ma da trent’anni era custodita in un deposito del Museo Civico Archeologico di Bologna. Viene ora restaurata e riproposta al pubblico nell’ambito di un progetto di conservazione e valorizzazione promosso insieme con i Musei Civici di Mantova. Gli studi sono affidati a un team interdisciplinare sotto la direzione scientifica dell’Egittologa del Museo di Bologna. Ne fanno parte il Dipartimento di Radiologia dell’IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna e gli studiosi delle mummie di Eurac Research che hanno verificato lo stato di conservazione, determinato sesso, età alla morte, condizioni di salute e tecniche di imbalsamazione. Il restauro dei tessili della mummia si svolgerà da metà giugno e inizi settembre nella Sezione Egiziana di Bologna in una modalità aperta al pubblico.


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