Il volume offre i risultati di un primo tentativo di sistematizzare e mettere in rete la conoscenza accumulata dai Gruppi Europei di Cooperazione Territoriale (GECT) con partecipanti italiani, a 20 anni dall’approvazione del regolamento europeo 1082/2006 che ha istituito questo strumento. I GECT sono organismi con personalità giuridica definiti dal diritto dell'Unione europea, finalizzati a programmare e gestire attività di cooperazione transfrontaliera e transnazionale. Il lavoro di ricerca, condotto da un team multidisciplinare (diritto, geografia, pianificazione del territorio), restituisce la fotografia di uno strumento dinamico e in evoluzione, che ha consentito sinora di raggiungere risultati molto significativi e, al tempo stesso, sembra non aver ancora raggiunto appieno lo sfruttamento del suo potenziale. Da questo punto di vista, il volume offre anche una serie di spunti per ulteriori approfondimenti e attività, in cui ricerca e accompagnamento possano sostenere l’efficacia e l’utilità delle azioni di cooperazione territoriale europea.

DOI

DOI: 10.60991/IGECTINITALIA2025

Journal article2025

Navigating fiscal federalism reforms: the unsuccessful cases of Italy and Spain

Valdesalici A, Romero Caro FJ

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

Objectives: This paper investigates different reforms of fiscal federalism in Italy and Spain, to assess their successful or unsuccessful nature by using a comparative framework across four dimensions: programmatic success, process success, endurance success, and political success. The objective is to evaluate how these reforms addressed inter-regional disparities and institutional challenges in two politically diverse and fragmented systems. Methodology: The analysis follows a structured approach, examining each reform’s goals, implementation processes, longevity, and political outcomes. For Italy, the focus is on the shift from a state-transfer-based system to a tax-revenue-based model with standardizing equalization transfers, while Spain’s case emphasizes the creation of mechanisms such as the Basic Public Services Guarantee Fund to enhance territorial equity. Results: The article shows that both reforms fell short of achieving their objectives. Italy’s reform remains largely unimplemented, hindered by procedural complexities, economic crises, and a lack of political commitment, leading to a regression in decentralization and worsening territorial disparities. In Spain, despite partial progress in equalizing public service provision, political polarization and overlapping mechanisms diluted the reform’s impact, while regional conflicts, notably Catalonia’s demands, have further destabilized the model. Conclusions: The study concludes that achieving successful territorial reforms requires inclusive and transparent approaches that balance regional autonomy with national solidarity, emphasizing the need for durable political coalitions and trust-building among stakeholders.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.24965/gapp.11482

Inbook2025

Paradigms of Subnational Government Participation in Equalisation Mechanisms: A Comparative and Constitutional Outlook

Romero Caro FJ, Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

Although central to intergovernmental relations, equalisation is scarcely addressed by comparative constitutional scholars. To bridge the gap, this chapter explores the different sets of legal tools that can be traced back to the category of ‘equalisation mechanisms’. In particular, the analysis is limited to the rules that design and govern different systems of equalisation having regard to institutional actors and decision-making procedures, exploring the role of subnational governments in making equalisation-related decisions with the purpose to show the coexistence of a plurality of equalisation paradigms and to verify whether and to what extent common trends do emerge in practice. Precondition of this study is that institutions and procedures governing equalisation mechanisms are determinant of the functioning of a federal system and of the federal equilibrium.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1163/9789004524514_004

Inbook2025

The Italian way to inter-municipal equalization

Valdesalici A, Romero Caro FJ

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

This chapter deals with the equalization mechanisms established in Italy to address horizontal imbalances among local entities, paying particular attention to inter-municipal redistribution schemes, emphasizing differences between urban and rural local governments. The strong constitutional asymmetry characterizing the regional scenario and the overall system of territorial organization is, among other things, also reflected in the system of local finance and, as such, in the related equalization schemes. Thus, this chapter first explores the local financing system in the ordinary regions, which is characterized by a high degree of centralization, paying special attention to the Municipal Solidarity Fund. It then deals with the special regions, that have their own systems of intermunicipal equalization. Finally, it also covers equalization in provinces and metropolitan cities.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-99812-6_12

Inbook2024

‘Federally Trapped’? Comparing and Contrasting Local Government in Federal Systems

Valdesalici A, Nicolini M

Alice Valdesalici

The chapter (re-)positions local government within federal studies from a comparative legal perspective, thus dismissing the straitjackets of traditional taxonomies as regard non-Western – or hybrid – federations. This perspective also favours a nuanced approach to local government. Its constellation is indeed more complex than that described by traditional federal taxonomies. To assess this heterogeneity, this chapter goes beyond the black-letter constitution and examines the operational rules that effectively implement the regime of local government, thus contributing to the fuzziness of traditional taxonomies.

DOI

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51093-9_5

Inbook2024

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Comparative Remarks from a Constitutional Law Perspective

Valdesalici A, Romero Caro FJ

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: DATE - Composizione della diversità attraverso la perequazione territoriale, Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

The chapter attempts to highlight the challenges that arise in the chapters of this book when examining the interaction between diversity accommodation and fiscal federalism within the selected federal systems. It explores how the need to address diversities influences financial relations and their evolution, focusing on which types of diversity drive these dynamics, potentially leading to integrative or disintegrative effects for the federal system. To accomplish this, the chapter delves into three major critical areas: the cause-effect relationship between diversity and fiscal arrangements, the balance between financial autonomy and solidarity, and the participation of subnational governments in decision-making processes. Examples from the case studies analyzed in this book are used to illustrate the complexities of accommodating diversities through fiscal federalism

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53759-2_11

Inbook2024

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Relevance of the Topic and Rationale for Case Selection

Romero Caro FJ, Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: DATE - Composizione della diversità attraverso la perequazione territoriale

The accommodation of diversity is one of the greatest challenges that modern societies must face. In addition, today, many federal systems encounter a loss of solidarity and an upsurge of interregional disparities. These have exacerbated dormant tensions and intergovernmental conflicts that, in certain cases, could even give rise to secessionist movements. Multilevel government (either in federal or regional form) plays a key role in managing diversity and reducing the risk of secession. This has led to decentralization being presented by some scholars as the antidote for secessionist/nationalist movements. However, contrasting views also spice up the debate. Moreover, history has not proven any one of these theories. Although conflicts and secessionism arise from multiple factors, traditionally, the literature on diversity accommodation has predominantly focused on differences from ethnonational, cultural, linguistic, or religious diversity and not on the economic driver for autonomy or national recognition. The study of fiscal instruments and financial relations (i.e., fiscal federalism) has, for the most part, been left aside, even though the latter has a critical role in this respect. Although the financial dimension is a vital component of any system of shared government, as the lack of resources to finance constitutionally assigned competences would render these inoperable, reducing autonomy to an empty vessel, the nexus between diversity accommodation and fiscal federalism remains to a large extent understudied. In addition, the financial dimension is almost never mentioned in the literature on diversity accommodation. Along the same line, fiscal federalism has been analyzed from other angles, paying attention to matters such as the allocation of financial resources and the powers thereof, as well as the functioning of financial relations among different levels of government, but without drawing much interest from the literature on nationalism and minority accommodation and to the contribution the first could give to the latter (and vice versa) in terms of research advancements.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53759-2_1

Edited book2024

Fiscal Federalism and Diversity Accommodation in Multilevel States: A Comparative Outlook

Romero Caro FJ, Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: DATE - Composizione della diversità attraverso la perequazione territoriale, Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

ISBN: 978-3-031-53758-5

This open access edited book connects two strands of federal studies, fiscal federalism, and diversity accommodation, to answer two closely interrelated questions. The first of these is to what extent has the need to accommodate diversities determined financial relations and their evolution? The authors answer this question by conducting a thorough investigation of the types of diversity that drive such evolution. The second question is does fiscal federalism have a broadly positive or negative impact on the accommodation of diversities, by producing institutional solutions that either integrate a federal system or pull it apart?

Through contributions from experts in law, economics, and political science, the book uses a series of case studies to establish a theoretical framework for exploring the relationship between fiscal federalism and diversity accommodation. The authors lay the groundwork for a comparative study of this relationship in multilevel states.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53759-2

Database2024

Intergovernmental Coordination, Accountability, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Economic and Social Policy Responses to COVID-19

Kölling M, Guderjan M, Schnabel J, Valdesalici A, Romero Caro FJ, Pittali E, Polanski F, Brzozowiec ZP

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: Governance legittima della crisi nei sistemi multilivello

The dataset contains a total of 23 economic and social policy responses to COVID-19 in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom. For each policy measure it provides information on the scope and objective, decision-making and intergovernmental coordination, accountability, efficacy, and effectiveness. For accounability, the dataset provides information and coding results about parliamentary debates, parliamentary voting and evaluation strategies. For efficicacy, the dataset provides information and coding results about timely implementation, accessibility, erros and fraud and territorial distribution. For effectiveness, the dataset provides information and coding results about goal attainment, the sustainability of goal attainment and the territorial consistency of goal attainment.

The information and assessment of each measure was prepared by experts with in-depth country knowledge, who triangulated evidence from government announcements and documentation, official agreements, meeting communiqués, parliamentary records, audit and research reports, external evaluations (e.g., European Commission, IMF, central banks, research institutions), statistical resources (e.g., national statistic agencies, Eurostat), and media reports.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14244237

Inbook2024

Italy

Alber E, Valdesalici A, Klotz G

Alice Valdesalici, Elisabeth Alber, Greta Klotz

The different types of local government (metropolitan cities, provinces, municipalities), are caught between national and regional legislation in a situation in which the national legislature has the upper hand, with the exception in a few special regions in Italy’s system of asymmetrical regionalism. Although the system of local government was and still is quite symmetrical on the whole, in practice it is less than fully symmetrical with regard both to the performance of local governments and to their role in intergovernmental relations. Local governments are in search of role-clarity amidst a background of a unstable politics and several seasons of unfinished (federal) reforms. Meanwhile, intergovernmental relations are complicated by structural challenges, by a range of socio-demographic trends such as urbanisation and the hyper-fragmentation of local governments, and by the challenges arising from the financial crisis of 2008 and later from the Covid-19 pandemic.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41283-7_10

Inbook2023

Die Finanzordnung der autonomen Provinzen Trient und Bozen: historisch-rechtliche Entwicklung und grundlegende Elemente

Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici

Progetto: Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

The paper illustrates the evolution of the financial system from the First Autonomy Statute to the Guarantee Pact of 2021. The peculiarities of the provincial financial system in comparison to those of the ordinary regions and the regions with a special statute emerge from the analysis of individual types of taxes and the central relevance of the contractual principle by the revision of the autonomy statute.

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.5771/9783748917557-157

Inbook2023

Italy

Alber E, Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici, Elisabeth Alber

Progetto: Federalismo fiscale ed enti autonomi territoriali: problematiche e prospettive

Italy’s system of fiscal federalism and financial relations is comparable to an inverted pendulum that, unlike a normal pendulum that is stable when hanging downwards, is unstable and must be actively balanced to remain upright. For now, it is balanced by applying a torque at the pivot point that is centrally steered, and not by moving the pivot point horizontally as part of a feedback system in which its multiple actors enter dialogue on an equal footing. What is meant by this, and which factors or developments speak for this argument, is the subject of this paper. The paper offers a contextual analysis of the reasons and development of Italy’s unequal regional economies, and it discusses recent turning points regarding the allocation of expenditure responsibilities, taxation powers, and mechanisms of equalization, both in relation to the regional and the local level of government.

DOI

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97258-5_7

Inbook2024

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Relevance of the Topic and Rationale for Case Selection

Romero Caro FJ, Valdesalici A

Alice Valdesalici, Francisco Javier Romero Caro

Progetto: DATE - Composizione della diversità attraverso la perequazione territoriale

DOI Fonte

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-53759-2_1

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Alice Valdesalici

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Scientific Publications

I Gruppi Europei di Cooperazione Territoriale in Italia

Navigating fiscal federalism reforms: the unsuccessful cases of Italy and Spain

Paradigms of Subnational Government Participation in Equalisation Mechanisms: A Comparative and Constitutional Outlook

The Italian way to inter-municipal equalization

‘Federally Trapped’? Comparing and Contrasting Local Government in Federal Systems

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Comparative Remarks from a Constitutional Law Perspective

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Relevance of the Topic and Rationale for Case Selection

Fiscal Federalism and Diversity Accommodation in Multilevel States: A Comparative Outlook

Intergovernmental Coordination, Accountability, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Economic and Social Policy Responses to COVID-19

Italy

Die Finanzordnung der autonomen Provinzen Trient und Bozen: historisch-rechtliche Entwicklung und grundlegende Elemente

Italy

Science Shots Eurac Research Newsletter

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Scientific Publications

I Gruppi Europei di Cooperazione Territoriale in Italia

Navigating fiscal federalism reforms: the unsuccessful cases of Italy and Spain

Paradigms of Subnational Government Participation in Equalisation Mechanisms: A Comparative and Constitutional Outlook

The Italian way to inter-municipal equalization

‘Federally Trapped’? Comparing and Contrasting Local Government in Federal Systems

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Comparative Remarks from a Constitutional Law Perspective

Diversity Accommodation and Fiscal Federalism: Relevance of the Topic and Rationale for Case Selection

Fiscal Federalism and Diversity Accommodation in Multilevel States: A Comparative Outlook

Intergovernmental Coordination, Accountability, Efficacy and Effectiveness of Economic and Social Policy Responses to COVID-19

Italy

Die Finanzordnung der autonomen Provinzen Trient und Bozen: historisch-rechtliche Entwicklung und grundlegende Elemente

Italy

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