Fighting over water

Water supply and bottling. Water at the source can be captured for public supply, then directed to the aqueduct through pumping systems and gravity, or used for bottling.

Artificial snowmaking. In the early sections of the river, water use for human activities is usually limited. One possible use is for artificial snowmaking, which either uses artificial rainwater reservoirs at high altitudes or takes water from the river.

Tourism. The river’s course is a valuable asset that shapes the landscape and contributes to its aesthetic appeal. It is also a hub for tourist activities such as rafting, canyoning, or simply hiking. These activities represent a passive use of the river, meaning they do not consume its water, but are heavily dependent on the river’s ecological health.

Hydroelectric power plant. Large-scale hydroelectric plants are among the main water consumers throughout the river’s course. There are various methods to generate hydroelectric energy and several types of plants, but this usage involves a unique dynamic: water is only temporarily "diverted" from the river's natural flow, channeled through turbines to produce energy, and then released back into the river further downstream. The timing and methods of this release follow specific regulations, often dictated by the logic of the electricity market.

Valley agriculture in mountainous areas. In mountainous regions, valley agriculture often focuses on highly specialized crops, such as apple orchards and vineyards. Irrigation in these cases is also specialized; for example, drip irrigation systems are used, which consume minimal amounts of water.

Frost prevention irrigation. A more intensive use of water by agriculture in the upper course of the river occurs in early spring. When nighttime temperatures are still low in apple orchards, farmers spray water on young leaves and flowers to create a protective ice layer. This ice keeps the internal temperature constant, preventing frost damage. However, this method requires significant amounts of water, especially since multiple farms often activate overhead sprinkler systems simultaneously.

Fish farming and fishing. Those who farm or fish in the river do not directly consume water. However, these activities are influenced by the river’s water levels. Many people in this category of users have a high degree of ecological awareness and are often the first to notice changes in the river ecosystem.

Industry. The industry utilizes water in various ways, such as raw materials, for cooling machinery, or for washing equipment. The amount of water used depends on the type of activity and the efficiency of the technologies in place.

Plain agriculture. Some typical crops of the plains – such as corn, soybeans, and rice – do not permit drip irrigation. The fields are large-scale, and water is dispersed using sprinkler irrigation. While drip irrigation typically achieves about 90% efficiency, sprinkler irrigation in the plains is only about 50% efficient, as much of the water evaporates or isn’t distributed precisely where needed.

City use. In cities, both residents and tourists use the river’s water. The amount of water extracted – either from the source or along its course – is calculated to meet the needs of the entire population. In smaller cities or towns with significant tourist traffic, water demand can increase by up to five times during peak seasons.

Natural preservation. Areas like river mouths are often of high natural and touristic importance. For example, deltas represent unique ecosystems with fragile balances, where specialized flora and fauna can be observed.